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Cultural differences: Cultural differences encompass diverse norms, values, customs, and behaviors that distinguish one group from another. These variations encompass language, traditions, social structures, beliefs, and expressions, shaping unique identities and perspectives within societies and across global communities. See also Culture, Cultural traditions, Communities, Society, Conflicts, Multiculturalism.
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Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments.

 
Author Concept Summary/Quotes Sources

Experimental Psychology on Cultural Differences - Dictionary of Arguments

Parisi I 117
Cultural differences/ideologies/Experimental Psychology/Wilkinson-Ryan: One of the areas where experimental psychology and law have had the greatest impact has been in the field referred to as "cultural cognition." This is essentially a body of research that takes up the question of individual differences - how responses and effects differ across individuals or groups within a population.
In the seminal article in this field, Kahan, Hoffman, and Braman (2009)(1) took up the Supreme Court's "unusual invitation" to the public to view a video recording of a police offcer chasing a motorist and ultimately ramming his car into the citizen's vehicle when he refused to pull over. Although a clear majority of subjects agreed with the court's determination, there was a clear consensus among a cognizable minority that the offcer's actions were unjustified. In a group that tended to be less affluent, less white, less conservative,
Parisi I 118
and less male, the view of the accident was clearly more pro-plaintiff, calling into question the court's assertion that no reasonable juror could disagree with their findings. In a similar set of findings, Conservatism: Kahan (2010)(2) found that the hierarchical worldview (one that might be shorthanded as "conservative") predicts the perception of complainant consent in acquaintance-rape cases, even when the complainant repeated verbal objections.
Cultural background: Kahan and Braman (2008)(3) also found individual differences in perceptions of self-defense cases, with individuals' cultural or political commitments predicting their view of whether a battered woman or a "beleaguered commuter" was justified in using force against an assailant.
Group behavior: Testing further that perceptions of legal acts is heavily influenced by group membership, Kahan et al. (2012)(4) showed subjects in an experimental study a video of a political demonstration.
>Group behavior
.
Manipulation: Cultural cognition research has also begun to document differential effects of experimental manipulations by group. In a study of the role of cultural differences in perceptions of climate change science, Kahan et al. (2015)(5) randomly assigned participants in a survey study to read either an irrelevant technology-related article or an article about the potential for geoengineering to reduce the effects of carbon dioxide emissions and thereby stem global warming. The dependent variable was subjects' attitudes toward a second article on the science of climate change.
Manipulation.
Liberals: Simplifying slightly, the liberals who read the geoengineering article were essentially unmoved - they were no less likely to believe or disbelieve that climate change is happening and is caused at least in part by humans.
Conservatives: Conservatives, on the other hand, were skeptical of climate change science if they did not read about geoengineering, but when they were primed with the possibility of a market-based technological solution to global warming, they were more willing to believe the science of global warming is reliable.
Results: Thus, the research showed that open-mindedness toward scientific evidence depended in part on whether individuals believed that the consequences of believing the evidence
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would require action that conflicted with the individuals' own worldviews (e.g., for conservatives, government regulation of pollution).
>Political orientation/Experimental psychology, >Decision-making/Experimental Psychology.

1. Kahan, Dan M., David A. Hoffman, and Donald Braman (2009). "Whose Eyes Are You Going
to Believe? Scott v. Harris and the Perils of Cognitive Illiberalism." Harvard Law Review 122: 8-18.
2. Kahan, Dan M. (2010). "Culture, Cognition, and Consent: Who Perceives What, and Why, in
Acquaintance-Rape Cases." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 158: 729-813.
3. Kahan, Dan M. and Donald Braman (2008). "The Self-Defensive Cognition of Self-Defense."
American Criminal Law Review 45: 1-65.
4. Kahan, Dan M., David A. Hoffman, Donald Braman, and Danieli Evans (2012). "They Saw a Protest: Cognitive Illiberalism and the Speech—Conduct Distinction." Stanford Law Review 64:851-906.
5. Kahan, Dan M., Hank Jenkins-Smith, Tor Tarantola, Carol L. Silva, and Donald Braman (2015). "Geoengineering and Climate Change Polarization Testing a Two-Channel Model of Science Communication." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and social Science 658: 192-222.

Wilkinson-Ryan, Tess. „Experimental Psychology and the Law“. In: Parisi, Francesco (ed) (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Law and Economics. Vol 1: Methodology and Concepts. NY: Oxford University Press

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Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments
The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition.
Experimental Psychology
Parisi I
Francesco Parisi (Ed)
The Oxford Handbook of Law and Economics: Volume 1: Methodology and Concepts New York 2017


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